DO NOT PLEAD A LAUNDRY LIST. The vast majority of these affirmative defenses will not apply to any given case–they are intended as a brainstorming tool, and certainly should not be included in full. Rule 11 requires that you have a good faith basis for believing an affirmative defense actually applies before pleading it, and in discovery you will likely need to respond to an interrogatory identifying all factual bases for every affirmative defense you plead.
–
List of Affirmative Defenses (Partial):
– failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted (almost always use)
– statutory defenses prerequisites (these will vary depending on the claims)
– preemption by federal or other law
– accord and satisfaction
– arbitration and award
– assumption of risk
– economic loss rule
– contributory or comparative negligence
– intervening cause
– supervening cause
– claimants own conduct, or by the conduct of its agents, representatives, and consultants
– discharge in bankruptcy
– duress
– estoppel
– recoupment
– cardinal change
– set off
– failure of consideration
– fraud (generally, as an equitable defense, as opposed to fraud in the inducement, below)
– fraud in the inducement
– illegality
– injury by fellow servant
– borrowed servant
– laches
– license
– payment
– release
– res judicata
– statute of frauds
– statute of limitations
– waiver
– unclean hands
– no adequate remedy at law
– failure to mitigate damages (or, in some circumstances, successful mitigation of damages)
– rejection of goods
– revocation of acceptance of goods
– conditions precedent
– discharge
– failing to plead fraud with particularity
– no reliance
– attorneys’ fees award not permissible
– punitive damages not permissible
– lack of standing
– sole negligence of co-defendant
– offset
– collateral source rule (common law) or as codified in statute (see, e.g., C.R.S. Section 13-21-111.6)
– improper service
– failure to serve
– indemnity
– lack of consent
– mistake
– undue influence
– unconscionability
– adhesion
– contrary to public policy
– restraint of trade
– novation
– ratification
– alteration of product
– misuse of product
– charitable immunity
– misnomer of parties
– failure to exhaust administrative remedies
– frustration of purpose
– impossibility
– preemption
– prior pending action
– improper venue
– failure to join an indispensable party
– no private right of action
– justification
– necessity
– execution of public duty
– breach by plaintiff
– failure of condition precedent
– anticipatory repudiation
– improper notice of breach
– breach of express warranty
– breach of implied warranty
– parol evidence rule
– unjust enrichment
– prevention of performance
– lack of privity
– merger doctrine
– learned intermediary or sophisticated user doctrine
– adequate warning
– no evidence that modified warning would have been followed or would have prevented injury
– manufacturing/labeling/marketing in conformity with the state of the art at the time
– release
– res judicata
– assumption of the risk
– product was unavoidably unsafe
– product provides net benefits for a class of patients
– spoliation
– damages were the result of unrelated, pre-existing, or subsequent conditions unrelated to defendant’s conduct
– lack of causal relationship
– act of god (or peril of the sea in admiralty cases)
– force majeure
– usury
– failure to act in a commercially reasonable manner
– acquiescence
– doctrine of primary or exclusive jurisdiction
– exemption
– failure to preserve confidentiality (in a privacy action)
– filed rate doctrine
– good faith
– prior pending action
– sovereign immunity
– truth (in defamation actions)
– suicide (in accident or some benefits actions)
– adverse possession (in trespass action)
– mutual acquiescence in boundary (in trespass action)
– statutory immunity (under applicable state or federal law)
– unconstitutional (relating to statute allegedly violated)
– insanity (normally in criminal context, but may have some application in civil suits linked to criminal acts)
– self-defense (in assault, battery, trespass actions)
– permission/invitation (in assault, battery, trespass actions)
– agency
– Section 2-607 UCC acceptance of goods, notification of defect in time or quality within reasonable time
– at-will employment
– breach of contract
– hindrance of contract
– cancellation of contract/resignation
– circuitry of action
– discharge (other than bankruptcy)
– election of parties
– election of remedies
– joint venture
– lack of authority
– mutual mistake
– no government action
– privilege
– reasonable accommodation
– retraction
– safety of employee (ADA)
– statutory compliance
– no damages (where required element of pleading)
– termination of employement
– undue burden (ADA)
– wrong party
– implied repeal of statute (see In re: Stock Exchanges Options Trading Antitrust Litigation, 317 F.3d 134 (2d. Cir. 2003) (hat tip Bill Shea)
– failure to take advantage of effective system to report/stop harassment (in Title VII actions, called the Faragher-Ellerth defense) (see Jones v. D.C. Dept. of Corrections, 429 F.3d 276 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (hat tip Bill Shea)
– fair use (copyright). See, e.g., Campbel, aka Skywalker, et al. v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 590 (1994). (hat tip Bill Shea)
– Noerr-Pennington defense (antitrust) (a Sherman Act defendant can raise the affirmative defense of right to petition for redress, even if they use that right to try to gain an anti-competitive advantage). See Noerr-Pennington Doctrine (2009), ABA Section of Antitrust Law, at p.107. (hat tip Bill Shea)
– Same decision defense (employer would still have fired employee for lawful reasons even if the actual firing was for a mix of lawful and unlawful reasons) (Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1977)) (hat tip Bill Shea)
– ignorance of the law. Ignorance of the law is rarely a defense to liability, but if proven, ignorance that racial discrimination violates federal law may be a defense to punitive damages in Title VII cases. See, e.g. Alexander v. Riga, 208 F.3d 419, 432 (3d Cir. 2000) (hat tip Bill Shea)
– business judgment rule (hat tip Iain Johnston)
– claim of right (defense to element of intent required to prove theft)
–
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- How does a Lis Pendens affect California Real Property?I see questions all the time about Lis Pendens in online Real Estate discussion forums all the time. Before diving into the information below please understand the following. This information pertains to California Real Estate Law. This information was obtained … Continue reading →timothymccandless
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FORECLOSURE FRAUD | by DinSFLA
- Bayview Loan Servicing, LLC v. Pierce | HAWAII ICA – general issue of material fact as to whether Bank of New York had standing at the time of this foreclosure action was commenced April 24, 2018CAAP-16-0000584sdo by DinSFLA on Scribd © 2010-17 FORECLOSURE FRAUD | by DinSFLA. All rights reserved.
- Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Announces Settlement With Wells Fargo For Auto-Loan Administration and Mortgage Practices April 23, 2018WASHINGTON, D.C. — Today the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) announced a settlement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in a coordinated action with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). As described in the consent order, the Bureau found that Wells Fargo violated the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA) in the way it […] […]
- Wells Fargo Needs An Extension To Meet OCC Consent Order April 23, 2018PYMNTS- Wells Fargo, the embattled bank, is gearing up to ask the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for an extension to a deadline to meet an enforcement action that has to do with anti-money laundering controls at the bank. The Wall Street Journal, citing people familiar with the matter, reported the bank’s wholesale […]
- TFH 4/22 | Foreclosure Workshop #56: HSBC Bank v. Moore — Determining What Is Required In Court To Prove the Legal Right To Foreclose in Your State April 23, 2018COMING TO YOU LIVE DIRECTLY FROM THE DUBIN LAW OFFICES AT HARBOR COURT, DOWNTOWN HONOLULU, HAWAII LISTEN TO KHVH-AM (830 ON THE AM RADIO DIAL) ALSO AVAILABLE ON KHVH-AM ON THE iHEART APP ON THE INTERNET . Sunday – April 22, 2018 . ——————— Foreclosure Workshop #56: HSBC Bank v. Moore — Determining What Is […]
- HSBC Bank USA v. Moore | Hawaii ICA – Dubin Law Offices annihilates HSBC in this awesome order- “Qualified Witness” FAIL! “Assignment of Mortgage” FAIL! “Possession of Note” FAIL! “Allonge to Note” FAIL! — VACATED AND REMANDED April 21, 2018CAAP-17-0000478mop by DinSFLA on Scribd © 2010-17 FORECLOSURE FRAUD | by DinSFLA. All rights reserved.
- Wells Fargo nears $1 billion settlement for loan abuses April 20, 2018Reuters- Wells Fargo & Co (WFC.N) is close to settling a record fine of $1 billion imposed by two U.S. regulators for its risk management business, a source familiar with the matter told Reuters on Thursday. Last week, the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) […]
- Foreclosure starts rise as moratoria in Texas and Florida end April 19, 2018National Mortgage News- March’s increase in foreclosure starts was a direct result of the end of the moratorium for borrowers affected by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, Black Knight said. There were 52,100 foreclosure starts in March, up 11.56% over February’s 46,700. Florida and Texas were responsible for two-thirds of that increase, Black Knight said in its m […]
- Wells Fargo fired whistleblower for complaints about incentives to mislead: lawsuit April 19, 2018East Bay Times- The former head of beleaguered San Francisco-based bank Wells Fargo’s foreign exchange group claims he was fired weeks before he was to tell federal regulators about incentives that encouraged employees to “make false and misleading representations to customers, to engage in abusive sales practices, and to enrich themselves at the expense of […]
- HSBC BANK USA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION v. BUSET | Florida’s Third District Court of Appeal Rejects Trial Court’s Findings on Borrowers’ Defenses, Including “Unclean Hands,” and Reverses Involuntary Dismissal in Foreclosure Action April 18, 2018Lexology- A unanimous three-judge panel for Florida’s Third District Court of Appeal recently issued an opinion that will have a significant impact on the scope of certain defenses that are routinely asserted by defense counsel in foreclosure litigation. The case, HSBC Bank USA, National Association v. Buset, No. 3D16-1383, 2018 WL 735265 (Fla. 3d DCA Feb. [ […]
- Foreclosure hangover: How the 2008 crisis created a new class of renter April 18, 2018The Mercury News- For decades, the single-family house surrounded by a white picket fence has symbolized the American dream of home ownership. But these days those picture-perfect homes increasingly are occupied by renters, not owners — a new trend with roots in the foreclosure crisis 10 years earlier, according to a recent study by UC […]
- Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v. Wuensch | WI Supreme Court Upholds Foreclosure Judgment, Bank “Possessed” the Note April 17, 2018WisBar News- The Wisconsin Supreme Court has ruled (5-2) that an attorney’s presentment of an original note secured by a mortgage in court was enough to establish that the bank was entitled to judgment of foreclosure based on “possession” of the note. That is, in Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v. Wuensch, 2018 WI 35 (April […]
- Wells Fargo says it faces a $1 billion penalty for its mortgage and auto business misdeeds April 16, 2018Pittsburgh-Post Gazette- Wells Fargo said Friday that it faces a potential $1 billion in fines to resolve government investigations into the megabank’s behavior in the auto and mortgage markets. The bank has acknowledged that it charged thousands of customers for auto insurance they didn’t need, driving some to default on their loans and lose their […] […]
- TFH 4/15/18 | What Every Homeowner Needs To Know To Survive Foreclosure About the Hidden Distinction Between Structure Versus Function in Legal Analysis — Plus Announcing a New Partnership Between the National Consumer Law Center Publications and The Foreclosure Hour April 15, 2018COMING TO YOU LIVE DIRECTLY FROM THE DUBIN LAW OFFICES AT HARBOR COURT, DOWNTOWN HONOLULU, HAWAII LISTEN TO KHVH-AM (830 ON THE AM RADIO DIAL) ALSO AVAILABLE ON KHVH-AM ON THE iHEART APP ON THE INTERNET . Sunday – April 15, 2018 . ——————— What Every Homeowner Needs To Know To Survive Foreclosure About the […]
- Senate Passes Bill To Deregulate Banks With Democrats’ Help April 13, 2018Small banks, big banks and even credit monitoring companies like Equifax score with this legislation. HUFFPO- The Senate on Wednesday passed a bill so friendly to banks that even a Republican worried it goes too far. By a vote of 67-to-31, the Senate passed the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, which is aimed at […] […]
- Wells Fargo could face another record fine April 13, 2018CBS NEWS- Wells Fargo (WFC) is in talks with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau regarding penalties running into the hundreds millions of dollars, or possibly higher, for mortgage-lending and auto-insurance abuses, according to reporting from Reuters. The San Francisco bank’s troubles are long-running, likely to continue — and certain to be a hot topic […]
- Atlas Consumer Law Secures $3,582,000 jury verdict obtained by Monette Saccameno, a resident of Cook County Illinois, and against Ocwen Loan Servicing LLC, a national mortgage loan servicer April 12, 2018(MENAFN Editorial) LOMBARD, Ill., April 11, 2018 /PRNewswire/ –Monette Saccameno secured a jury verdict against Ocwen Loan Servicing LLC (Ocwen), a national mortgage loan servicer for its breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), […]
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- Opening Statements Manantan V Wells Fargo timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2018/02/23/ope… via @mccandlesslaw 2 months ago
- Opening Statements Manantan V Wells Fargo timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2018/02/23/ope… https://t.co/2qu4BZf0mV 2 months ago
- Wells Fargo says we don’t dual track you just never really applied for a modification 7944 pages later it was not… timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2017/11/21/wel… 5 months ago
- fb.me/7ZGXgglpI 5 months ago
- Court Rejected Ditech’s Defense to Discharge Violation in Which It Claimed Computer Generated Statements Sent to… timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2017/05/03/cou… 11 months ago
- Remic and Viod assignment timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2017/02/03/rem… 1 year ago
- Judicial Notice, A Misunderstood Tool timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2017/01/16/jud… 1 year ago
- HOBR-rulings timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/hob… 1 year ago
- State court information regarding Bankruptcy rulings timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/sta… 1 year ago
- A new look at Munger and damages where there is no Equity timothymccandless.wordpress.com/2016/10/17/a-n… 1 year ago
Niel Garfield and the national story
- JUDICIAL NOTICE IS BEING USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROOF OF FACTS THAT ARE CONTESTED April 24, 2018The entire playbook of the banks and servicers consists of one underlying theme: to obtain foreclosures based upon presumptions that are contrary to the facts. GO TO LENDINGLIES to order forms and services Let us help you plan your answers, affirmative defenses, discovery requests and defense narrative: 954-451-1230 or 202-838-6345. Ask for a Consult. You wi […]Neil Garfield
- Hawai’i Appellate Court Strikes at the Root of Fraudulent Foreclosures: HSBC Deutsch and PNC Crash and Burn April 23, 2018This decision, although not yet for publication, brings us another step closer to exposure to the largest economic crime in human history. Every lawyer should read it more than once in its entirety. It contains the arguments and the narrative for most successful defense strategies against fraudulent foreclosures. Fundamental to understanding why foreclosures […]Neil Garfield
- Lehman to Pay $2.4 Billion out of Bankrupt Estate April 17, 2018“Lehman’s own documents show it was aware of the widespread problems and deteriorating performance of the loans it had securitized,” with half the loans at one point containing material misrepresentations, the trustees said in a court filing. Editor’s Note: The difference is money — investors have it and borrower’s don’t. So while investors are successfully […]Neil Garfield
- No Surprise: Ocwen & US Bank Hit by $3.8 Million Verdict in Chicago Federal Trial For Violations in Fake Foreclosure April 16, 2018“The jury, after deliberating for approximately 7 hours, determined that Ocwen breached its contract, violated RESPA for failing to adequately respond to Saccameno’s Qualified Written Request, violated the FDCPA and committed both unfair and deceptive acts in violation of the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. Monette Saccameno was awarded $500,000.00 in compensa […]Neil Garfield
- Fla 4th DCA Slams Door on “another Ditech loan” in foreclosure claims April 13, 2018The trial court erred (i.e., it was wrong) when it accepted unfounded hearsay testimony over Defendant’s timely objections. Kudos to Mark Stopa, Esq. Let us help you plan your answers, affirmative defenses, discovery requests and defense narrative: 954-451-1230 or 202-838-6345. Ask for a Consult. You will make things a lot easier on us and yourself […]Neil Garfield
- Tonight — Silent Roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac — Hiding Behind the Obtuse April 12, 2018How to Withhold Vital Information from Homeowners Thursdays LIVE! Click in to the The Neil Garfield Show Or call in at (347) 850-1260, 6pm Eastern Thursdays Charles Marshall, Attorney and Bill Paatalo, licensed investigator discuss the moral hazard created by the Government Sponsored Entities (GSEs) banks, the courts and the regulators in allowing “presumpti […]Neil Garfield
- Bank Fraud News: The reason why banks and servicers should receive no presumption of reliability April 12, 2018The following is but a short sampling supporting the argument that any document coming from the banks and servicers is suspect and unworthy of any legal presumption of authenticity or validity. Judges are looking into self-serving fabricated documentation and coming to the wrong conclusion about the facts. Chase following bank playbook: screw the customer “C […]Neil Garfield
- Adverse Possession vs Cancellation of Instrument and Quiet Title April 11, 2018In the final analysis, the only way to smoke out the banks on their fraudulent claims as “creditors” or “agents of creditors” is to create a situation where the creditor must be disclosed. In those cases where judges have ruled in discovery or ruled on the right to prepay, subject to identification of the creditor, […]Neil Garfield
- Oregon Strikes Down Hearsay Part of Affidavit April 10, 2018It’s been the bane of existence for foreclosure defense lawyers. They are presented with affidavits or declarations in which the matters that are asserted are not based on personal knowledge and are hearsay that should be excluded from any evidence considered by the court. These documents are most often offered in motions for summary judgment […]Neil Garfield
- Why Void Assignments are Void Not Voidable April 9, 2018RATIFICATION OF VOID ASSIGNMENTS IS IMPOSSIBLE AND ABSURD In the wake of the California Supreme Court’s decision in Yvanova and its progeny, the legal community has accepted the unacceptable (and the ridiculous). The bottom line of the decision is that a void assignment can be the basis for a lawsuit for wrongful foreclosure but it cannot […]Neil Garfield
- Discovery in Foreclosure Actions April 9, 2018Discovery is more complex than lay people realize. There is a lot of work that goes on behind the scenes in court. Our paralegal, Connie Lasco, saw the problems and forwarded the request for service to me for comment. Here is an example of my comments to one homeowner who is defending her home pro […]Neil Garfield
- Tonight 6pm EDT: The New Industry of Fabrication and Theft of Loans April 5, 20188 Fraudulent Steps to Ill-gotten Gains Thursdays LIVE! Click in to the The Neil Garfield Show Or call in at (347) 850-1260, 6pm Eastern Thursdays Charles Marshall, Attorney and Bill Paatalo, licensed investigator discuss the moral hazard created by the banks, the courts and the regulators in allowing “presumptions” to be used even when the […]Neil Garfield
- Why Borrowers Have the Right to Rescind under the Truth In Lending Act April 5, 2018In my opinion any foreclosure judgment or foreclosure sale that took place after a notice of rescission was sent and delivered is completely void and should be treated the same as a wild deed. This is particularly true in cases where courts have ignored the rescission completely and failed to issue an order effectively vacating […]Neil Garfield
- Securitization and Standing April 2, 2018Like other decisions establishing the law of the land, the decisions of SCOTUS are often taken as advisory or optional. Nevertheless TILA Rescission and Article III standing have been affirmed by the Court of last resort. Reluctant judges in trial and appellate courts will get their hands slapped one more time but all the bad […]Neil Garfield
- ZeroHedge: It’s Subprime Time! 2008 Part Deux-Coming to a Market near You! March 31, 2018https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2018-03-30/deja-vu-all-over-again-subprime-mbs-demand-oversubscribed-and-sp-says-risk The stock market is at record highs and people with FICO scores as low as 500 are once again happily obtaining mortgages. Not only that, but these mortgages are once again being securitized and are in demand by yield chasers. All of the elem […]Neil Garfield
- Wells Fargo “Lending” Securities It Didn’t Own March 28, 2018Translation: WFB was the “custodian” of alleged “mortgage-backed” certificates issued for the benefit of investors who paid billions of dollars for ownership of the certificates. WFB “Loaned” those alleged securities to brokers. The brokers in exchange provided “collateral” the proceeds of which were reinvested by WFB. In short, WFB was laundering the invest […]Neil Garfield
- TILA RESCISSION: The war is NOT over contrary to bank disinformation March 26, 2018The banks have not asked for an order vacating a TILA RESCISSION because they know that following standard procedure would block them from challenging TILA RESCISSION. This is PROCEDURE vs SUBSTANCE. That is what this has always been about. As more courts continue to “rule” on TILA RESCISSION, getting it wrong every time, the effort […]Neil Garfield
- APPELLATE PRACTICE WITH CHARLES MARSHALL 6PM EDT TONIGHT March 22, 2018Thursdays LIVE! Click in to the The Neil Garfield Show Or call in at (347) 850-1260, 6pm Eastern Thursdays We hardly ever address appellate practice on these pages or the Neil Garfield Show. Tonight Charles Marshall, California Attorney, discusses basic factors on appeal. What is an appeal? When should notice of appeal be filed? What […]Neil Garfield
- FREE Information, Resources and Help with Your Mortgage Loans – Over 13,000,000 Visitors March 22, 2018GO TO LENDINGLIES to order forms and services Thursdays LIVE! Click in to the The Neil Garfield Show Or call in at (347) 850-1260, 6pm Eastern Thursdays About Neil F Garfield Schedule Private Consultation Purchase Services and Products Purchase Seminars Submit Case Interview Form – Receive Customized Recommended Services Q & A – What can […]Neil Garfield
- New Florida Law Sneaks Under the Radar March 21, 2018BE CAREFUL HOW AND WHEN YOU FILE BANKRUPTCY PETITIONS Governor Scott, admits 30 other bills signed SB 220 into law. You can barely find it using search engines. The law is confusing at best and probably unconstitutional but here it is. The new law makes BKR filings by Petitioner into presumptions in judicial foreclosures […]Neil Garfield
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